Apoptosis

There are many forms of cell death, most of which can be triggered by a variety of stimuli and physiological conditions. The often compared are apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis has become the focus of research area due to its complex nature and the different roles of maintaining healthy and self-sustaining biological entities. On the other hand, necrosis is a form of cell damage against acute external injury and trauma, leading to passive cell death and causing an inflammatory response. [1]

The BCl-2 family has been identified as its important role in apoptosis. The BH domain promotes interaction of family members with one another and may be indicative of pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic functions. Usually the BCL-2 family have been classified into one of three subfamilies; anti-apoptosis,  BH3 only (pro-apoptotic) and pro-apoptotic proteins. The great promise for cancer therapy has been shown in recent research about BCL-2 targeting.[2]

In the cell cycle, apoptosis acts as a fail-safe measure to prevent fidelity and proliferation quality. Although a certain degree of genetic variation is allowed and evolution is promoted, regenerative cells with extensive genetic errors and cell damage are subject to apoptosis. P53 is the Key role in the cell cycle system which  initiate the apoptosis in certain cell types. P53 is a widely studied tumor suppressor. The p53 tumor suppressor gene is most frequently mutated in cancer cells (mutation occurs in more than 50% of human cancers) [3], which makes the restriction mechanism ineffective. Tumorigenesis is likely to commence when the p53-based preventive system loses its function completely.

Expression of stimuli, such as DNA damage, hypoxia and activation of certain oncoproteins (eg, Myc, Ras) are dependent on the apoptotic pathway of p53 [4]. The transactivation function of p53 plays an important role in inducing apoptosis, the pro-apoptotic proteins, Bax and lgF-Bp3, are transcriptional targets of p53.[5] As a well-known tumor suppressor, p53 is recognized for its ability to initiate apoptosis in the cell cycle and its ability to induce cell arrest and DNA repair in regenerative cells. In addition to p53, there are many other cell cycle regulators that can affect apoptosis (eg, pRb, p21).

Many studies have emphasized the importance of apoptosis in the self-defense mechanism or immune system. The immune system is responsible for rendering the host resistant to a variety of external pathogens. Apoptosis is an integral part of the immune system and helps maintain the homeostasis of the immune system.  Secondly, the immune system relies on apoptosis to eliminate unwanted functional maturation of T cells and B cells [6].  Finally, apoptosis confers cytotoxicity to certain cell types (ie, cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells). A well-coordinated disruption protocol allows these cells to destroy target cells while the target cells remain intact. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can induce target cell death in two ways, one of which involves perforin and granzymes.

  • Majno G. and Joris I. (1995) Apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis. An overview of cell death. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 3–15
  • Zhiqing Liu, et al. Drug Discov Today. 2016 Jun; 21(6): 989–996.
  • Wang X.W. and Harris C.C. (1997) p53 tumor-suppressor gene: clues to molecular carcinogenesis. J. Cell. Physiol. 173, 247–255 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199711)173:2%3c247::AID-JCP30%3e3.0.CO;2-A.
  • Levine A.J. (1997) p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell 88, 323–331 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81871-1.
  • Owen-Schaub LB,et al. Owen-Schaub LB,Wild-type human p53 and a temperature-sensitive mutant induce Fas/APO-1 expression. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Jun; 15(6):3032-40.
  • Russell J.H. (1995) Activation-induced death of mature T cells in the regulation of immune responses. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 7, 382–388 10.1016/0952-7915(95)80114-6.

8 个项目

每页

设置升序顺序
  1. Z-VAD-FMK

    Catalog No. A12373
    Quick View
    Pan Caspase 抑制剂
    Z-VAD-FMK是一种细胞可渗透、不可逆的泛胱天蛋白酶抑制剂。体外抑制肿瘤细胞caspase加工和凋亡诱导(IC50 = 0.0015 - 5.8 mM)。活跃在体内。 了解更多
  2. VX-765 (Belnacasan)

    Catalog No. A10984
    Quick View
    Caspase-1/4 抑制剂
    VX-765 (Belnacasan)是一种新型的Caspase-1抑制剂,是一种控制两种细胞因子IL-1b和IL-18生成的酶。 了解更多
  3. Q-VD-OPh hydrate

    Catalog No. A14915
    Quick View
    Caspase 抑制剂
    Q-VD-OPh hydrate是一种选择性,脑和细胞可渗透的,高效且不可逆的caspase-3(IC50 = 25nm),caspase-1(IC50 = 50nM),caspase-8(IC50 = 100nM)和caspase-9抑制剂 (IC50 = 430nM)。 了解更多
  4. Z-WEHD-FMK

    Catalog No. A14916
    Caspase 抑制剂
    Z-WEHD-FMK是不可逆抑制caspase-5和相关caspase活性的合成肽。 了解更多
  5. Nivocasan (GS-9450)

    Catalog No. A14100
    Caspase 抑制剂
    Nivocasan (GS-9450)是一种新型的caspase抑制剂,已在纤维化/凋亡动物模型中证明了其肝保护活性。 了解更多
  6. Z-YVAD-FMK

    Catalog No. A16317
    Quick View
    Caspase-1 抑制剂
    Z-YVAD-FMK是有效的细胞渗透性和caspase-1不可逆抑制剂。 了解更多
  7. Boc-D-FMK

    Catalog No. A15392
    Caspase 抑制剂
    BOC-D-FMK是Caspase-3的新型抑制剂。 了解更多
  8. Emricasan

    Catalog No. A11394
    Quick View
    Caspase inhibitor
    Emricasan is a first-in-class caspase inhibitor in clinical trials for the treatment of liver diseases. 了解更多

8 个项目

每页

设置升序顺序
Rewards