Apoptosis

There are many forms of cell death, most of which can be triggered by a variety of stimuli and physiological conditions. The often compared are apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis has become the focus of research area due to its complex nature and the different roles of maintaining healthy and self-sustaining biological entities. On the other hand, necrosis is a form of cell damage against acute external injury and trauma, leading to passive cell death and causing an inflammatory response. [1]

The BCl-2 family has been identified as its important role in apoptosis. The BH domain promotes interaction of family members with one another and may be indicative of pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic functions. Usually the BCL-2 family have been classified into one of three subfamilies; anti-apoptosis,  BH3 only (pro-apoptotic) and pro-apoptotic proteins. The great promise for cancer therapy has been shown in recent research about BCL-2 targeting.[2]

In the cell cycle, apoptosis acts as a fail-safe measure to prevent fidelity and proliferation quality. Although a certain degree of genetic variation is allowed and evolution is promoted, regenerative cells with extensive genetic errors and cell damage are subject to apoptosis. P53 is the Key role in the cell cycle system which  initiate the apoptosis in certain cell types. P53 is a widely studied tumor suppressor. The p53 tumor suppressor gene is most frequently mutated in cancer cells (mutation occurs in more than 50% of human cancers) [3], which makes the restriction mechanism ineffective. Tumorigenesis is likely to commence when the p53-based preventive system loses its function completely.

Expression of stimuli, such as DNA damage, hypoxia and activation of certain oncoproteins (eg, Myc, Ras) are dependent on the apoptotic pathway of p53 [4]. The transactivation function of p53 plays an important role in inducing apoptosis, the pro-apoptotic proteins, Bax and lgF-Bp3, are transcriptional targets of p53.[5] As a well-known tumor suppressor, p53 is recognized for its ability to initiate apoptosis in the cell cycle and its ability to induce cell arrest and DNA repair in regenerative cells. In addition to p53, there are many other cell cycle regulators that can affect apoptosis (eg, pRb, p21).

Many studies have emphasized the importance of apoptosis in the self-defense mechanism or immune system. The immune system is responsible for rendering the host resistant to a variety of external pathogens. Apoptosis is an integral part of the immune system and helps maintain the homeostasis of the immune system.  Secondly, the immune system relies on apoptosis to eliminate unwanted functional maturation of T cells and B cells [6].  Finally, apoptosis confers cytotoxicity to certain cell types (ie, cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells). A well-coordinated disruption protocol allows these cells to destroy target cells while the target cells remain intact. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can induce target cell death in two ways, one of which involves perforin and granzymes.

  • Majno G. and Joris I. (1995) Apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis. An overview of cell death. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 3–15
  • Zhiqing Liu, et al. Drug Discov Today. 2016 Jun; 21(6): 989–996.
  • Wang X.W. and Harris C.C. (1997) p53 tumor-suppressor gene: clues to molecular carcinogenesis. J. Cell. Physiol. 173, 247–255 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199711)173:2%3c247::AID-JCP30%3e3.0.CO;2-A.
  • Levine A.J. (1997) p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell 88, 323–331 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81871-1.
  • Owen-Schaub LB,et al. Owen-Schaub LB,Wild-type human p53 and a temperature-sensitive mutant induce Fas/APO-1 expression. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Jun; 15(6):3032-40.
  • Russell J.H. (1995) Activation-induced death of mature T cells in the regulation of immune responses. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 7, 382–388 10.1016/0952-7915(95)80114-6.

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  1. ABT-263 (Navitoclax)

    Catalog No. A10022
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    Bcl-2 抑制剂
    ABT-263 (Navitoclax)是一种有效的Bcl-2家族抑制剂 (Bcl-2,Bcl-xL和Bcl-w的Ki <1 nmol/L)。ABT-263对Bcl- xL,Bcl-2和Bcl-w,( Ki≤1nmol/ L) 维持高亲和力,但与Mcl-1和A1的结合更弱。 了解更多
  2. ABT-737

    Catalog No. A10255
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    Bcl-2 抑制剂
    ABT-737是一种类BH3抑制剂,能同时抑制Bcl-xL,Bcl-2和Bcl-w,EC50分别为78.7 nM,30.3 nM和197.8 nM;但对Mcl-1,Bcl-B及Bfl-1没有抑制作用。 了解更多
  3. ABT-199 (Venetoclax)

    Catalog No. A12500
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    Bcl-2 抑制剂
    ABT-199 (Venetoclax) 是一种所谓的BH3类似药物,旨在阻断Bcl 2蛋白的功能。 了解更多
  4. Obatoclax mesylate (GX15-070)

    Catalog No. A10665
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    Bcl-2 抑制剂
    Obatoclax Mesylate (GX15-070)是一种Bcl-2拮抗剂,拮抗所有抗凋亡Bcl-2家族蛋白(平均IC50,3 umol/L),包括Mcl-1(IC50,2.9 umol/L)和Bfl-1(IC50,5 umol/L)。 了解更多
  5. Sabutoclax

    Catalog No. A12823
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    Bcl-2 抑制剂
    Sabutoclax (BI-97C1)是pan-Bcl-2抑制剂,包括Bcl-xL,Bcl-2,Mcl-1和Bfl-1,IC50分别为0.31 μM,0.32 μM,0.20 μM和0.62 μM。 了解更多
  6. BAM 7

    Catalog No. A12907
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    Bax activator
    BAM 7使用FITC-BIM SAHB和BAX在竞争性FP分析中测得的EC50?3.3 μM结合BAX触发位点。 了解更多
  7. Bcl-2 Inhibitor

    Catalog No. A13580
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    Bcl-2 抑制剂
    Bcl-2 Inhibitor包含两种互变异构体的混合物。一种有效的,细胞可渗透的Bcl-2抑制剂与Bak BH3肽竞争体外结合Bcl-2和Bcl-XL的作用(分别为IC50 = 10 uM和7 uM)。 了解更多
  8. A-1155463

    Catalog No. A16112
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    BCL-XL 抑制剂
    A-1155463是一种高效且选择性强的BCL-XL抑制剂,A-1155463显示与BCL-XL的皮摩尔结合亲和力(Ki = <0.01 nM),与BCL-2的结合力弱1000倍以上(Ki = 80 nM) 和相关蛋白BCL-W(Ki = 19 nM)和MCL-1(Ki> 440 nM)。 了解更多
  9. MIM1

    Catalog No. A16315
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  10. Jaceosidin

    Catalog No. A12080
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    Jaceosidin是一种来源于艾蒿的药理活性黄酮,通过阻断培养的人乳腺上皮细胞中erk-1和-2的磷酸化来抑制佛波酯诱导的cox-2和MMP-9的上调。 了解更多
  11. WEHI539

    Catalog No. A13005
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    Bcl-XL 抑制剂
    WEHI539是Bcl-XL的选择性抑制剂,IC50为1.1 nM。 了解更多
  12. BTSA1

    Catalog No. A16835
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    Bcl-2 modulator
    BTSA1是经过药理优化的BAX激活剂,可与N末端激活位点高亲和力和特异性结合,并诱导BAX发生构象变化,从而导致BAX介导的细胞凋亡。它有效促进白血病细胞系和患者样品中的细胞凋亡,同时保留健康细胞。 了解更多
  13. AZD5991

    Catalog No. A16880
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    Mcl-1 抑制剂
    AZD-5991是一种有效的选择性Mcl-1抑制剂,在FRET分析中的IC50为0.7 nM,在表面等离子体共振(SPR)分析中的Kd为0.17 nM。 了解更多
  14. A-385358

    Catalog No. A17064
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    Bcl-XL 抑制剂
    A-385358是Bcl-XL的抑制剂,可增强多种肿瘤细胞系中多种化学治疗剂(紫杉醇,依托泊苷,顺铂和阿霉素)的体外细胞毒活性。 了解更多
  15. AZD-4320

    Catalog No. A17171
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    Bcl-2/Bcl-XL 抑制剂
    AZD-4320是BH3模拟物和双重Bcl-2/Bcl-XL抑制剂。AZD4320 对于 KPUM-MS3,KPUM-UH1,和 STR-428 细胞系的 IC50 分别为 26 nM,17 nM,和 170 nM。 了解更多
  16. Maritoclax (Marinopyrrole A)

    Catalog No. A17206
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    Mcl-1 抑制剂
    Marinopyrrole A,也称为Maritoclax,是Mcl-1的选择性抑制剂,IC50值为10.1μM。 了解更多
  17. BM 957

    Catalog No. A18387
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    Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL 抑制剂
    BM 957 is a potent Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL inhibitor, with Kis of 1.2, <1 nM and IC50s of 5.4, 6.0 nM respectively. 了解更多
  18. MCL-1/BCL-2-IN-3

    Catalog No. A18385
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    Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 dual 抑制剂
    MCL-1/BCL-2-IN-3 (Compound 2) is a potent and selective Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 dual inhibitor with IC50s of 5.95 and 4.78 μM, respectively. 了解更多
  19. MCL-1/BCL-2-IN-4

    Catalog No. A18380
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    Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 dual 抑制剂
    MCL-1/BCL-2-IN-4 (Compound 7) is a potent and selective Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 dual inhibitor. 了解更多
  20. ML311

    Catalog No. A18364
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    Mcl-1/Bim interaction 抑制剂
    ML311 is a potent and selective inhibitor of the Mcl-1/Bim interaction 了解更多
  21. S55746

    Catalog No. A18361
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    BCL-2 抑制剂
    S55746 (BLC201) is a potent, orally active and selective BCL-2 inhibitor, with a Ki of 1.3 nM and a Kd of 3.9 nM. S55746 (BLC201) has antitumor activity with low toxicity. 了解更多
  22. Bax-activator-106

    Catalog No. A18406
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    Bax agonist
    Bax-activator-106 is a specific Bax agonist. It acts by promoting Bax-dependent but not Bak-dependent apoptosis. 了解更多
  23. HA14-1

    Catalog No. A11448
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    Bcl-2 抑制剂
    HA14-1与Bcl-2相互作用,抑制Bcl-2的抗凋亡作用。 了解更多
  24. UMI-77

    Catalog No. A14222
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    Mcl-1 抑制剂
    UMI-77是一种选择性的Mcl-1抑制剂,Ki为490 nM,显示出对Bcl-2家族其他成员的选择性。 了解更多
  25. AT-101

    Catalog No. A15004
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    Bcl-2 抑制剂
    (R)-(-)-Gossypol对映体AT101与Bcl-2,Bcl-xL和Mcl-1结合,Ki分别为0.32μM,0.48μM和0.18μM。 了解更多
  26. AT101 acetic acid

    Catalog No. A13578
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    pan Bcl-2 抑制剂
    AT101 acetic acid对映体AT101与Bcl-2,Bcl-xL和Mcl-1结合,Ki分别为0.32μM,0.48μM和0.18μM;不抑制BIR3域和BID。 了解更多
  27. A-1331852

    Catalog No. A16190
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    BCL-XL 抑制剂
    A-1331852是有效的选择性BCL-XL抑制剂。BCL-XL是主要的抗凋亡生存蛋白,可能是CML中的新型治疗靶标。 了解更多
  28. TW-37

    Catalog No. A10955
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    Bcl-2 抑制剂
    TW-37是Bcl-2的小分子抑制剂,可抑制胰腺癌细胞的生长,并通过一种涉及Notch-1和Jagged-1失活的新途径介导的胰腺癌细胞凋亡。 了解更多
  29. BM-1074

    Catalog No. A12743
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    Bcl-2/Bcl-xL 抑制剂
    BM-1074是有效且有效的Bcl-2/Bcl-xL抑制剂,Ki <1 nM。 了解更多
  30. (+)-Apogossypol

    Catalog No. A16316
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    Bcl-2 family 抑制剂
    (+)-Apogossypol是Bcl-2家族蛋白的有效抑制剂。与Bcl-2,Bcl-XL,Mcl-1,Bcl-W和Bcl-B上的BH3肽结合位点竞争,但与Bfl-1竞争,IC50为0.5至2μM。 了解更多
  31. Acetate gossypol

    Catalog No. A14795
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    Bcl-2 抑制剂
    Acetate gossypol是一种从棉籽中分离出来的多酚化合物,可通过模仿BH3来抑制Bcl-2。 了解更多
  32. BH3I-1

    Catalog No. A16061
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    Bcl-XL 拮抗剂
    BH3I-1是Bcl-XL-BH3 domain interaction抑制剂,Ki值为2.4 μM。它是一种Bcl-2家族蛋白的选择性抑制剂。 了解更多
  33. Apogossypolone (ApoG2)

    Catalog No. A16314
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    Bcl-2 抑制剂
    Apogossypolone (ApoG2)是一种Bcl-2的非肽小分子抑制剂。 了解更多
  34. (S)-Gossypol acetic acid

    Catalog No. A16323
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    (S)-Gossypol acetic acid是Bcl-2的抑制剂,在过表达Bcl-2(IC50,18.1μM)或Bcl-xL(IC50,22.9μM)的Jurkat细胞中有效诱导细胞死亡。 了解更多
  35. A-1210477

    Catalog No. A15545
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    MCL-1 抑制剂
    A-1210477是有效的选择性MCL-1抑制剂。A-1210477诱导内在凋亡的标志,并证明了多发性骨髓瘤和非小细胞肺癌细胞系的单药杀伤。 了解更多
  36. BDA-366

    Catalog No. A15821
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    Bcl-2 拮抗剂
    BDA-366选择性抑制BCL2,将其转化为细胞死亡诱导剂。 了解更多
  37. WEHI-539 hydrochloride

    Catalog No. A13327
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    Bcl-xL 抑制剂
    WEHI-539 hydrochloride是BCL-xL的小分子抑制剂,IC50值为1.1 nM。 了解更多
  38. Gambogic acid

    Catalog No. A11988
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    Bcl-2 抑制剂
    Gambogic acid是从藤黄汉树中分离出的天然产物。藤黄酸激活半胱氨酸蛋白酶,EC50为0.78-1.64μM,并竞争性抑制Bcl-XL,Bcl-2,Bcl-W,Bcl-B,Bfl-1和Mcl-1,IC50为1.47、1.21、2.02、0.66、1.06和 分别为0.79μM。 了解更多
  39. Bax channel blocker

    Catalog No. A15335
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    Bax channel blocker
    Bax channel blocker是Bax介导的线粒体细胞色素C释放的有效抑制剂(IC50 = 0.52μM)。 了解更多
  40. Bax inhibitor peptide P5

    Catalog No. A15336
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    Bax 抑制剂
    Bax inhibitor peptide P5,Bax易位至线粒体的细胞渗透性合成肽抑制剂;由Ku70设计的一种蛋白质,被认为可抑制Bax的线粒体易位。在体外抑制Bax介导的细胞凋亡。 了解更多
  41. Bax inhibitor peptide V5

    Catalog No. A15337
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    Bax 抑制剂
    Bax inhibitor peptide V5,Bax易位至线粒体的细胞渗透性合成肽抑制剂;由Ku70设计的一种蛋白质,被认为可抑制Bax的线粒体易位。在体外抑制Bax介导的细胞凋亡。 了解更多
  42. Bax inhibitor peptide, negative control

    Catalog No. A15338
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    Bax 抑制剂
    Bax inhibitor peptide,V5和P5的阴性对照,阴性对照肽,在体外抑制Bax易位至线粒体和Bax介导的细胞凋亡。 了解更多
  43. Muristerone A

    Catalog No. A15340
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    EcR 激动剂
    Muristerone A是蜕皮激素的植物蜕皮激素类固醇类似物,可在哺乳动物细胞中诱导基因并在野生型Bax转染的细胞中引起细胞凋亡。 了解更多
  44. CID5721353

    Catalog No. A16192
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    BCL6 抑制剂
    CID5721353是B细胞淋巴瘤6抑制剂(BCL6抑制剂)。 了解更多
  45. Pyridoclax (MR-29072)

    Catalog No. A16380
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    Mcl-1 抑制剂
    Pyridoclax是一种有效的Mcl-1抑制剂,Kd值为25 nM。 了解更多
  46. Z-VAD-FMK

    Catalog No. A12373
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    Pan Caspase 抑制剂
    Z-VAD-FMK是一种细胞可渗透、不可逆的泛胱天蛋白酶抑制剂。体外抑制肿瘤细胞caspase加工和凋亡诱导(IC50 = 0.0015 - 5.8 mM)。活跃在体内。 了解更多
  47. VX-765 (Belnacasan)

    Catalog No. A10984
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    Caspase-1/4 抑制剂
    VX-765 (Belnacasan)是一种新型的Caspase-1抑制剂,是一种控制两种细胞因子IL-1b和IL-18生成的酶。 了解更多
  48. Z-DEVD-FMK

    Catalog No. A13503
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    Caspase-3 抑制剂
    Z-DEVD-FMK是一种特殊的不可逆的Caspase-3抑制剂。 了解更多
  49. LY573636 (Tasisulam)

    Catalog No. A13070
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    Apoptosis inducer
    LY573636 (Tasisulam)是一种有效的抗肿瘤剂,在体外和体内引起多种人实体瘤的生长停滞和凋亡。LY573636诱导的凋亡通过线粒体靶向机制发生。 了解更多
  50. Z-LEHD-FMK

    Catalog No. A14358
    Caspase-9 抑制剂
    Z-LEHD-FMK是一种不可逆抑制caspase-9和相关caspase活性的合成肽。 了解更多

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