Apoptosis

There are many forms of cell death, most of which can be triggered by a variety of stimuli and physiological conditions. The often compared are apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis has become the focus of research area due to its complex nature and the different roles of maintaining healthy and self-sustaining biological entities. On the other hand, necrosis is a form of cell damage against acute external injury and trauma, leading to passive cell death and causing an inflammatory response. [1]

The BCl-2 family has been identified as its important role in apoptosis. The BH domain promotes interaction of family members with one another and may be indicative of pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic functions. Usually the BCL-2 family have been classified into one of three subfamilies; anti-apoptosis,  BH3 only (pro-apoptotic) and pro-apoptotic proteins. The great promise for cancer therapy has been shown in recent research about BCL-2 targeting.[2]

In the cell cycle, apoptosis acts as a fail-safe measure to prevent fidelity and proliferation quality. Although a certain degree of genetic variation is allowed and evolution is promoted, regenerative cells with extensive genetic errors and cell damage are subject to apoptosis. P53 is the Key role in the cell cycle system which  initiate the apoptosis in certain cell types. P53 is a widely studied tumor suppressor. The p53 tumor suppressor gene is most frequently mutated in cancer cells (mutation occurs in more than 50% of human cancers) [3], which makes the restriction mechanism ineffective. Tumorigenesis is likely to commence when the p53-based preventive system loses its function completely.

Expression of stimuli, such as DNA damage, hypoxia and activation of certain oncoproteins (eg, Myc, Ras) are dependent on the apoptotic pathway of p53 [4]. The transactivation function of p53 plays an important role in inducing apoptosis, the pro-apoptotic proteins, Bax and lgF-Bp3, are transcriptional targets of p53.[5] As a well-known tumor suppressor, p53 is recognized for its ability to initiate apoptosis in the cell cycle and its ability to induce cell arrest and DNA repair in regenerative cells. In addition to p53, there are many other cell cycle regulators that can affect apoptosis (eg, pRb, p21).

Many studies have emphasized the importance of apoptosis in the self-defense mechanism or immune system. The immune system is responsible for rendering the host resistant to a variety of external pathogens. Apoptosis is an integral part of the immune system and helps maintain the homeostasis of the immune system.  Secondly, the immune system relies on apoptosis to eliminate unwanted functional maturation of T cells and B cells [6].  Finally, apoptosis confers cytotoxicity to certain cell types (ie, cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells). A well-coordinated disruption protocol allows these cells to destroy target cells while the target cells remain intact. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can induce target cell death in two ways, one of which involves perforin and granzymes.

  • Majno G. and Joris I. (1995) Apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis. An overview of cell death. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 3–15
  • Zhiqing Liu, et al. Drug Discov Today. 2016 Jun; 21(6): 989–996.
  • Wang X.W. and Harris C.C. (1997) p53 tumor-suppressor gene: clues to molecular carcinogenesis. J. Cell. Physiol. 173, 247–255 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199711)173:2%3c247::AID-JCP30%3e3.0.CO;2-A.
  • Levine A.J. (1997) p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell 88, 323–331 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81871-1.
  • Owen-Schaub LB,et al. Owen-Schaub LB,Wild-type human p53 and a temperature-sensitive mutant induce Fas/APO-1 expression. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Jun; 15(6):3032-40.
  • Russell J.H. (1995) Activation-induced death of mature T cells in the regulation of immune responses. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 7, 382–388 10.1016/0952-7915(95)80114-6.

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    Mdm2 拮抗剂
    Nutlin-3是一种有效的,选择性Mdm2(它自身和p53的环指依赖性泛素蛋白连接酶)拮抗剂,是有效的凋亡诱导剂。 了解更多
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    XIAP/cIAP1 拮抗剂
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    IAP 拮抗剂
    GDC-0152是caspases(Smac)的第二个线粒体激活物,具有潜在的抗肿瘤活性。 了解更多
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    cIAP-2 拮抗剂
    SM-164是一种有效的细胞渗透性二价Smac模拟物,它与KiAP为0.56 nM的XIAP蛋白结合,并分别与Ki值为0.31和1.1 nM的cIAP-1和cIAP-2蛋白结合。 了解更多
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    Catalog No. A11928
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    拮抗剂of IAPs抑制剂
    LCL161是口服生物可利用的第二个线粒体衍生的半胱天冬酶(SMAC)类似物激活剂,也是IAP(细胞凋亡抑制蛋白)家族蛋白的抑制剂,具有潜在的抗肿瘤活性,抑制 HEK293 细胞中 XIAP 和 MDA-MB-231细胞中 cIAP1 的 IC50分别为 35 和 0.4 nM。 了解更多
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    Bcl-2 拮抗剂
    BDA-366选择性抑制BCL2,将其转化为细胞死亡诱导剂。 了解更多
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    Bcl-XL 拮抗剂
    BH3I-1是Bcl-XL-BH3 domain interaction抑制剂,Ki值为2.4 μM。它是一种Bcl-2家族蛋白的选择性抑制剂。 了解更多

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