Apoptosis

There are many forms of cell death, most of which can be triggered by a variety of stimuli and physiological conditions. The often compared are apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis has become the focus of research area due to its complex nature and the different roles of maintaining healthy and self-sustaining biological entities. On the other hand, necrosis is a form of cell damage against acute external injury and trauma, leading to passive cell death and causing an inflammatory response. [1]

The BCl-2 family has been identified as its important role in apoptosis. The BH domain promotes interaction of family members with one another and may be indicative of pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic functions. Usually the BCL-2 family have been classified into one of three subfamilies; anti-apoptosis,  BH3 only (pro-apoptotic) and pro-apoptotic proteins. The great promise for cancer therapy has been shown in recent research about BCL-2 targeting.[2]

In the cell cycle, apoptosis acts as a fail-safe measure to prevent fidelity and proliferation quality. Although a certain degree of genetic variation is allowed and evolution is promoted, regenerative cells with extensive genetic errors and cell damage are subject to apoptosis. P53 is the Key role in the cell cycle system which  initiate the apoptosis in certain cell types. P53 is a widely studied tumor suppressor. The p53 tumor suppressor gene is most frequently mutated in cancer cells (mutation occurs in more than 50% of human cancers) [3], which makes the restriction mechanism ineffective. Tumorigenesis is likely to commence when the p53-based preventive system loses its function completely.

Expression of stimuli, such as DNA damage, hypoxia and activation of certain oncoproteins (eg, Myc, Ras) are dependent on the apoptotic pathway of p53 [4]. The transactivation function of p53 plays an important role in inducing apoptosis, the pro-apoptotic proteins, Bax and lgF-Bp3, are transcriptional targets of p53.[5] As a well-known tumor suppressor, p53 is recognized for its ability to initiate apoptosis in the cell cycle and its ability to induce cell arrest and DNA repair in regenerative cells. In addition to p53, there are many other cell cycle regulators that can affect apoptosis (eg, pRb, p21).

Many studies have emphasized the importance of apoptosis in the self-defense mechanism or immune system. The immune system is responsible for rendering the host resistant to a variety of external pathogens. Apoptosis is an integral part of the immune system and helps maintain the homeostasis of the immune system.  Secondly, the immune system relies on apoptosis to eliminate unwanted functional maturation of T cells and B cells [6].  Finally, apoptosis confers cytotoxicity to certain cell types (ie, cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells). A well-coordinated disruption protocol allows these cells to destroy target cells while the target cells remain intact. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can induce target cell death in two ways, one of which involves perforin and granzymes.

  • Majno G. and Joris I. (1995) Apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis. An overview of cell death. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 3–15
  • Zhiqing Liu, et al. Drug Discov Today. 2016 Jun; 21(6): 989–996.
  • Wang X.W. and Harris C.C. (1997) p53 tumor-suppressor gene: clues to molecular carcinogenesis. J. Cell. Physiol. 173, 247–255 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199711)173:2%3c247::AID-JCP30%3e3.0.CO;2-A.
  • Levine A.J. (1997) p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell 88, 323–331 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81871-1.
  • Owen-Schaub LB,et al. Owen-Schaub LB,Wild-type human p53 and a temperature-sensitive mutant induce Fas/APO-1 expression. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Jun; 15(6):3032-40.
  • Russell J.H. (1995) Activation-induced death of mature T cells in the regulation of immune responses. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 7, 382–388 10.1016/0952-7915(95)80114-6.

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    p53-MDM2 interaction 抑制剂
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    Catalog No. A15201
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    p53-MDM2 interaction 抑制剂
    p53和MDM2蛋白相互作用抑制剂手性是p53和MDM2蛋白之间相互作用的抑制剂。 了解更多
  3. RG7112

    Catalog No. A11523
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    selective p53-MDM2 抑制剂
    RG7112是首个临床小分子MDM2抑制剂,HTRF IC50为18 nM,设计用于占据MDM2的p53结合口袋。 了解更多
  4. Nutlin 3a

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    MDM2 抑制剂
    Nutlin 3a是与p53结合的MDM2(小鼠双分钟2)有效抑制剂,可诱导p53调控基因的表达,并在表达功能性p53的细胞中表现出有效的抗增殖活性。 了解更多
  5. YH239-EE

    Catalog No. A14118
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    Mdm2 抑制剂
    YH239-EE是有效的p53-MDM2拮抗剂和凋亡诱导剂。 了解更多
  6. AMG232

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    MDM2 抑制剂
    AMG 232是MDM2-p53相互作用的高效,选择性生物利用的哌啶酮抑制剂(SPR KD = 0.045 nM,SJSA-1 EdU IC50 = 9.1 nM)。 了解更多
  7. Idasanutlin (RG7388)

    Catalog No. A14211
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    MDM2/p53 抑制剂
    Idasanutlin (RG7388)是一种有效的选择性p53-MDM2抑制剂。 了解更多
  8. MI-773

    Catalog No. A15440
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    MDM2 抑制剂
    MI-773是可用的MDM2拮抗剂,Ki为0.88 nM。 了解更多
  9. Nutlin 3b

    Catalog No. A11502
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    MDM2 抑制剂
    Nutlin 3b是p53/MDM2拮抗剂或抑制剂,IC50值为13.6 uM,与相反的(-)-对映体Nutlin-3a相比,Nutlin-3的有效(+)-对映体少150倍。 了解更多
  10. NVP-CGM097

    Catalog No. A16326
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    MDM2 抑制剂
    NVP-CGM097是一种有效的选择性MDM2抑制剂。具有潜在抗肿瘤活性的口服生物利用型HDM2拮抗剂。 了解更多
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    Catalog No. A13582
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    MDM2 抑制剂
    MDM2 Inhibitor是一种细胞可渗透的硼烷基查尔酮,表现出与MDM2的强结合,并不可逆地破坏MDM2/p53蛋白复合物。 了解更多
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    Catalog No. A16348
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    MDM2/XIAP 抑制剂
    MX-69是MDM2/XIAP抑制剂,用于癌症治疗。 了解更多
  14. MI-773 (SAR405838)

    Catalog No. A14423
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    Mdm2 抑制剂
    MI-773 (SAR405838)是一种新的MDM2-p53相互作用的小分子抑制剂,以高亲和力(Ki = 0.88 nM)结合MDM2,并阻断p53-MDM2相互作用。 了解更多

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