Apoptosis

There are many forms of cell death, most of which can be triggered by a variety of stimuli and physiological conditions. The often compared are apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis has become the focus of research area due to its complex nature and the different roles of maintaining healthy and self-sustaining biological entities. On the other hand, necrosis is a form of cell damage against acute external injury and trauma, leading to passive cell death and causing an inflammatory response. [1]

The BCl-2 family has been identified as its important role in apoptosis. The BH domain promotes interaction of family members with one another and may be indicative of pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic functions. Usually the BCL-2 family have been classified into one of three subfamilies; anti-apoptosis,  BH3 only (pro-apoptotic) and pro-apoptotic proteins. The great promise for cancer therapy has been shown in recent research about BCL-2 targeting.[2]

In the cell cycle, apoptosis acts as a fail-safe measure to prevent fidelity and proliferation quality. Although a certain degree of genetic variation is allowed and evolution is promoted, regenerative cells with extensive genetic errors and cell damage are subject to apoptosis. P53 is the Key role in the cell cycle system which  initiate the apoptosis in certain cell types. P53 is a widely studied tumor suppressor. The p53 tumor suppressor gene is most frequently mutated in cancer cells (mutation occurs in more than 50% of human cancers) [3], which makes the restriction mechanism ineffective. Tumorigenesis is likely to commence when the p53-based preventive system loses its function completely.

Expression of stimuli, such as DNA damage, hypoxia and activation of certain oncoproteins (eg, Myc, Ras) are dependent on the apoptotic pathway of p53 [4]. The transactivation function of p53 plays an important role in inducing apoptosis, the pro-apoptotic proteins, Bax and lgF-Bp3, are transcriptional targets of p53.[5] As a well-known tumor suppressor, p53 is recognized for its ability to initiate apoptosis in the cell cycle and its ability to induce cell arrest and DNA repair in regenerative cells. In addition to p53, there are many other cell cycle regulators that can affect apoptosis (eg, pRb, p21).

Many studies have emphasized the importance of apoptosis in the self-defense mechanism or immune system. The immune system is responsible for rendering the host resistant to a variety of external pathogens. Apoptosis is an integral part of the immune system and helps maintain the homeostasis of the immune system.  Secondly, the immune system relies on apoptosis to eliminate unwanted functional maturation of T cells and B cells [6].  Finally, apoptosis confers cytotoxicity to certain cell types (ie, cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells). A well-coordinated disruption protocol allows these cells to destroy target cells while the target cells remain intact. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can induce target cell death in two ways, one of which involves perforin and granzymes.

  • Majno G. and Joris I. (1995) Apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis. An overview of cell death. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 3–15
  • Zhiqing Liu, et al. Drug Discov Today. 2016 Jun; 21(6): 989–996.
  • Wang X.W. and Harris C.C. (1997) p53 tumor-suppressor gene: clues to molecular carcinogenesis. J. Cell. Physiol. 173, 247–255 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199711)173:2%3c247::AID-JCP30%3e3.0.CO;2-A.
  • Levine A.J. (1997) p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell 88, 323–331 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81871-1.
  • Owen-Schaub LB,et al. Owen-Schaub LB,Wild-type human p53 and a temperature-sensitive mutant induce Fas/APO-1 expression. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Jun; 15(6):3032-40.
  • Russell J.H. (1995) Activation-induced death of mature T cells in the regulation of immune responses. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 7, 382–388 10.1016/0952-7915(95)80114-6.

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  1. JNJ 26854165

    Catalog No. A10491
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    p53 activator
    JNJ-26854165是P53激活剂之一,与AraC或阿霉素协同作用,诱导P53介导的凋亡,可能为急性白血病的治疗提供新的治疗途径。 了解更多
  2. Pifithrin-beta

    Catalog No. A12450
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    p53 抑制剂
    Pifithrin-beta是p53的小分子抑制剂。 了解更多
  3. Tenovin-6

    Catalog No. A12305
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    p53 activator
    Tenovin-6是tenovin-1的类似物。Tenovin-6在体外抑制纯化的人SIRT1、SIRT2和SIRT3的蛋白脱乙酰酶活性,IC50值分别为21、10和67 uM。 了解更多
  4. NSC 146109 hydrochloride

    Catalog No. A15349
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    p53 activator
    NSC 146109 hydrochloride是激活p53依赖性转录的细胞渗透性,基因型选择性抗肿瘤剂。 了解更多
  5. NSC 319726

    Catalog No. A12930
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    p53R175 activator
    NSC 319726是突变体p53R175的有效和选择性激活剂。 了解更多
  6. WR 1065

    Catalog No. A15353
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    P53/p21waf-1/MDM2 activator
    WR 1065是一种氨磷汀(Ethyol)的去磷酸化代谢产物,可防止受到辐射的直接和延迟影响。 了解更多
  7. p53 and MDM2 proteins-interaction-inhibitor chiral

    Catalog No. A15201
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    p53-MDM2 interaction 抑制剂
    p53和MDM2蛋白相互作用抑制剂手性是p53和MDM2蛋白之间相互作用的抑制剂。 了解更多
  8. PhiKan 083

    Catalog No. A15350
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    p53 stabilizer
    PhiKan 083是p53稳定剂;在与功能性DNA/蛋白质相互作用区域不同的位点,突变型(Y220C)p53优先结合野生型p53。 了解更多
  9. MIRA-1

    Catalog No. A15348
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    p53 inducer
    MIRA-1恢复突变型p53的野生型构象,功能和DNA结合活性。诱导p21,MDM2和PUMA的p53转录反式激活。 了解更多
  10. Pifithrin-u

    Catalog No. A12449
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    p53 抑制剂
    Pifithrin-u通过降低p53与抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2和Bcl-XL的亲和力来抑制p53与线粒体的结合。 了解更多
  11. p53 and MDM2 proteins-interaction-inhibitor racemic

    Catalog No. A15202
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    p53-MDM2 interaction 抑制剂
    p53和MDM2蛋白相互作用抑制剂消旋体是p53和MDM2蛋白之间相互作用的抑制剂。 了解更多
  12. RETRA hydrochloride

    Catalog No. A15351
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    mutant p53 Reactivator
    RETRA hydrochloride是一种抗肿瘤剂,在体内外均以突变的p53和p73依赖性方式抑制肿瘤细胞的生长。 了解更多
  13. Pifithrin-alpha

    Catalog No. A12451
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    p53 抑制剂
    Pifithrin-alpha是p53介导的细胞凋亡和p53依赖性基因转录(如细胞周期蛋白G,p21/waf1和mdm2表达)的可逆抑制剂。 了解更多
  14. CP 31398 2HCl

    Catalog No. A13522
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    p53 stabilizer
    CP 31398 2HCl已显示出可作为p53的稳定剂,并促进癌细胞系中p53的活性。 了解更多
  15. RG7112

    Catalog No. A11523
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    selective p53-MDM2 抑制剂
    RG7112是首个临床小分子MDM2抑制剂,HTRF IC50为18 nM,设计用于占据MDM2的p53结合口袋。 了解更多
  16. Kevetrin HCl

    Catalog No. A13797
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    Kevetrin (thioureidobutyronitrile)是一种水溶性小分子,是肿瘤抑制蛋白p53的激活剂,具有潜在的抗肿瘤活性。 了解更多
  17. CP 31398 dihydrochloride

    Catalog No. A15346
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    p53 stabilizer
    CP 31398 dihydrochloride是p53稳定剂。在具有突变型或野生型p53的癌细胞系中稳定p53的活性构象并提高p53的活性。在体内抑制小的人类肿瘤异种移植物的生长。 了解更多
  18. Tenovin-1

    Catalog No. A11943
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    p53 activator
    Tenovin-1是p53转录活性的小分子激活剂,可防止MDM2介导的p53降解。 了解更多
  19. PRIMA-1

    Catalog No. A13581
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    p53 reactivator
    PRIMA-1是一种小分子,因其p53再激活作用而被鉴定。 了解更多
  20. APR-246

    Catalog No. A13636
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    APR-246是奎宁环酮衍生物,其靶向具有潜在抗肿瘤活性的Wrap53基因。 了解更多
  21. NSC59984

    Catalog No. A13413
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    P53 Activator
    NSC59984通过MDM2和泛素蛋白酶体途径诱导突变p53蛋白降解。大多数癌细胞中NSC59984的EC50明显低于正常细胞,p53-null HCT116细胞的EC50为8.38 uM。 了解更多
  22. Tenovin-3

    Catalog No. A13727
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    p53 activator
    Tenovin-3是Sirtuin抑制剂。 了解更多
  23. Idasanutlin (RG7388)

    Catalog No. A14211
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    MDM2/p53 抑制剂
    Idasanutlin (RG7388)是一种有效的选择性p53-MDM2抑制剂。 了解更多

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